Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Chronic postthoracotomy pain (CPP) is defined as an aching or burning sensation 2 months postoperatively along the incision site (lateral or posterior-lateral). Prevalence rates range from 44%–54%. Objective: To define, quantify, and review techniques to prevent and reduce the incidence of CPP. Design and Setting: A comprehensive literature review using OVIDMEDLINE and PUBMED was performed based on preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative techniques that have attempted to reduce the incidence of CPP. Treatment options consisted of preoperative epidural catheters, operative techniques, and postoperative cutaneous extrapleural intercostal nerve block, acupuncture, PCA pumps, gabapentin, or analgesics. Main Outcome Measures: Pain was measured using a visual analog scale (VAS), 4-point scale, McGill Pain Questionnaire, Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs, verbal response scale, numerical rating scale, or a brief pain inventory scale. Results: To date, only gabapentin, transdermal nitroglycerin/etodolac, and acupuncture have produced modest reductions in pain. However, these studies were limited due to either size or length of follow-up. Conclusions: With a lack of definitive treatment options for CPP, and the ability to administer acupuncture to this population of patients, a trial should be conducted to address its efficacy.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".