Contaminants in common eiders (<i>Somateria mollissima</i>) of the Canadian Arctic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Contamination of the Arctic environment by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and trace elements remains a key concern for local residents as well as wildlife and resource management organizations. The common eider (Somateria mollissima) is a large marine duck that forms an important component of the diet of many Arctic predators, including humans. Although various studies have been carried out to evaluate the role of a few contaminants thought to be of local concern, efforts to assess contaminant residues in eider tissues have not been comprehensive. In this review, we summarize the available information on POPs and trace elements in common eiders across the Canadian Arctic. With the exception of one adult bird collected near Qikiqtarjuaq, Nunavut, eiders had detectable but low concentrations of most POPs, in some cases markedly lower than European eiders, and in all cases far lower than POP levels found in sympatric marine birds. However, common eiders did have elevated concentrations of many trace elements, noticeably cadmium, selenium, and copper, but these were below levels associated with toxicological risk to marine birds. Although the collective evidence suggests that common eiders of the Canadian Arctic may carry elevated levels of some contaminants, there was no evidence that these levels posed a threat to wildlife health. Key words: common Eider, persistent organic pollutants, trace elements, Arctic Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".