Perception of Acute or Progressive Resistive Loads in Normal and Asthmatic Subjects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To determine if the rapidity of increase in airway resistance influences its perception, we looked at the perception of acute and progressive expiratory resistive loads in 9 controls (CN) and 9 asthmatics (AS). Each had 4 single-blind tests in a randomized order, during which resistances were increased from 0 to 24 cm H2O/l/s in 1,3 or 6 steps or decreased in 6 steps. Dyspnea scores were recorded on a modified Borg scale (0-10). FEV1 and lung volumes were measured in all subjects initially and after the last resistance applied during tests C and D. Tidal volume, respiratory rate, the ratio of inspiratory time over total breathing time (Ti/Ttot) and minute ventilation were measured throughout each test. Borg scores were not significantly different from one test to the other. Overall, AS tended to have a higher perception of resistive loads than CN, although it did not reach statistical significance. FEV1 did not change significantly in both groups between the tests and before and after application of resistances. Functional residual capacity was not significantly different between AS and CN or before and after the tests. Residual volume was higher in AS (mean of the 4 tests: 1.6 ± 0.05 1) compared to CN (1.1 ± 0.14 1) (p = 0.003) but was unchanged after the applied resistances. Ti/Ttot ratio was similar for AS and CN and decreased significantly from 0 to 24 cm H2O/l/s in both groups (all tests, p < 0.01). Respiratory rate was higher in CN than in AS at all resistances (p < 0.001). Tidal volume and minute ventilation did not change significantly from 0 to 24 cm H2O/l/s in AS or CN. Tidal volume was significantly greater in AS than in CN (24 cm H2O/l/s: AS 0.68 ± 0.101, CN 0.54 ± 0.091, p = 0.027) and minute ventilation was higher in CN than in AS (24 cm H2O/l/s: AS 7.9 ± 1.3 1/ min, CN 12.9 ± 1.61/min, p = 0.001). In conclusion, in AS compared to CN, application of external resistive loads was associated with a lower minute ventilation, an increased tidal volume and a trend towards a keener perception. Perception of maximal resistive loads was similar whenever they were applied slowly or acutely.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".