Morphology-controlled In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanostructures enhance the performance of photoelectrochemical water oxidation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nanotower- and nanowall-like indium oxide structures were grown directly on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)/In2O3 seeded substrates and pristine FTO substrates, respectively, by a straightforward solvothermal method. The tower-like nanostructures are proposed to form via a self-assembly process on the In2O3 seeds. The wall-like nanostructures are proposed to form via epitaxial growth from the exposed edges of SnO2 crystals of the FTO substrate. The nanotowers and nanowalls are composed of highly crystalline and ordered nanocrystals with preferred orientations in the [111] and [110] directions, respectively. The two structures display remarkably different activities when used as photoanodes in solar light-driven water splitting. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results suggest an increased density of hydroxyl groups in the nanowalls, which results in a decrease of the work function and a concomitant shift in the onset potential of the photocurrent in the linear sweep voltammograms, which is further confirmed by Mott-Schottky and flat-band potential measurements, indicating the importance of hydroxyl content in determining the photoelectrochemical properties of the films. Morphology-controlled, nanostructured transparent conducting oxide electrodes of the kind described in this paper are envisioned to provide valuable platforms for supporting catalysts and co-catalysts that are intentionally tailored for efficient light-assisted oxidation of water and reduction of carbon dioxide.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".