Effect of Fasting for Two Days on the Excretion of Ammonium in Dogs with Chronic Metabolic Acidosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The source of glutamine for renal ammonium production is ultimately dietary protein in the fed state and body proteins in fasting. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine if less NH(+)(4) would be excreted by fasted dogs with chronic metabolic acidosis resulting in conservation of lean body mass. METHODS: Acid-loaded fed and fasted dogs were given 10 mmol NH(4)Cl/kg for 5 days; the fasted group had food withheld on days 4 and 5. RESULTS: The renal production of NH(+)(4) was not significantly different in both acid-loaded groups, yet the rate of NH(+)(4) excretion was significantly lower in the fasted dogs (8 vs. 21 mmol NH(+)(4)/mmol creatinine). The urine pH was significantly higher (6.0 versus 5.5) while titratable acid and the urine flow rate were significantly lower in these fasted dogs. Despite nearly equal urine flow rates and Na(+) excretion rates after an infusion of saline, the fasted dogs failed to increase the rate of excretion of NH(+)(4) to rates seen in the fed group. CONCLUSIONS: The lower rate of excretion of NH(+)(4) in fasted, acidotic dogs appeared to be due to a lower distal H(+) secretion. This may help preserve lean body mass during fasting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".