Response of kabuli chickpea to seed size and planting depth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of small seed can reduce the production costs of kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) 15 to 25% by reducing the amount of seed needed per unit area, but little is known about the effects of seed size on stand establishment, plant growth, and seed yield in semiarid environments. We conducted a field study in southwest Saskatchewan from 1998 to 2000 and determined the chickpea responses to seed size under different planting depths. Crops grown from small (7.1–9.0 mm) diameter seed required the same number of days to emerge (16.7 d) and mature (106 d) as those from large (9.1–11.0 mm) diameter seed. There were no differences in plant establishment, shoot dry weight, pod production, or seed yield between the two seed sizes when planted at a 50-mm depth. However, the small-seeded crop produced 7% lower plant stand, 4% lower seed yield, and 3% less seed 1799-mm diameter compared to the large-seeded crop when planted at a 100-mm depth (P < 0.05). Large-seed ed chickpea plants were 20 mm (4%) taller, and the height of the lowest pods from the soil surface was 11 to 13 mm (5%) higher than those from the small seed, suggesting an improvement of harvestability. In general, planting depth did not affect seedling emergence, shoot dry weight, or seed yield, but when small seed was used, chickpea sown at the 50-mm depth increased seed yield by 6% compared to that at the 100-mm depth. Kabuli chickpea produced an average of >20 pods plant-1, with 77% of them containing one seed per pod, 10% with two seeds per pod, and the remainder containing no seed; this ratio of pod fertility was independent of seed size or planting depth. Our results indicate that the use of small seed and shallow planting can reduce the production costs of chickpea by $31 to $52 ha-1 without a seed yield penalty. This level of saving in production far exceeds the otherwise increased value of $4 to $6 ha-1 with the use of large seed which produces a higher (3%) proportion of ≥ 9-mm diameter seed. Key words: Seedling emergence, seed mass, pod production, Cicer arietinum L.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".