Temporal variability of benthic invertebrate communities at reference sites in eastern Newfoundland and its significance in long-term ecological monitoring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The reference-condition approach evaluates the ecological impact at a site of interest through comparisons to unimpacted sites of otherwise similar conditions. Reference conditions should ideally represent natural spatial and temporal variation of unimpacted systems, including infrequent disturbance events. This study examined the year-to-year variability of unimpacted benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the Terra Nova National Park, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Sites were sampled annually in October from 2006 to 2011, a time series that included a 100 year flood event associated with Hurricane Igor. Invertebrate collections from a nearby urbanized area were compared to the natural temporal and spatial range of reference sites to determine the adequacy of this approach. Significant year-to-year changes in macroinvertebrate community composition were observed among unimpacted sites, particularly samples collected in the year of Hurricane Igor. These samples were characterized by a lower abundance, but had only minor differences in taxonomic richness. One year later, the benthic community composition showed signs of returning to pre-hurricane conditions. Despite significant temporal change, the variation associated with unimpacted communities was relatively small compared to differences observed at a site from a nearby urban area. These results suggest that reference conditions are clearly dynamic and need to be accounted for. However, at least in the case of invertebrate communities, the magnitude of change associated with anthropogenic impact can greatly exceed that associated with natural temporal variation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".