Adsorption of vapor-phase VOCs (benzene and toluene) on modified clays and its relation with surface properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A mexican bentonite was used to prepare three modified clays: an organoclay (OC–CPC) by intercalating cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), an aluminum-pillared clay (Al-PILC), and an inorganic–organic clay (IOC–CPC) prepared from Al-PILC intercalating CPC. The infrared and thermogravimetric analyses enabled us to differentiate between the structures obtained. Interlayer distance was assessed through X-ray diffraction; the OC–CPC was the clay that showed the highest value (12.4 Å). The natural clay’s specific area was 43.5 m 2 /g, increasing to 157.2 m 2 /g for Al-PILC. The OC–CPC and IOC–CPC specific areas were 13.27 m 2 /g and 14.5 m 2 /g, respectively. Al-PILC was a microporous material; whereas natural clays, OC–CPC and IOC–CPC were non-porous materials. Toluene and benzene adsorption on OC–CPC was higher than in IOC–CPC and Al-PILC. Natural clay showed no adsorption capacity for these compounds. Comparison of the GC retention times for non polar and low-polarity compounds (octyne and benzene) in columns packed with OC–CPC and a commercial non polar column (squalene) showed that the OC–CPC possessed a higher organophilic (non polar) nature than squalene. This explains the higher benzene and toluene adsorption capacity of the OC–CPC compared with the other modified clays. The toluene and benzene adsorption isotherm for OC–CPC was well-described by the GAB (Guggenheim–Anderson–De Boer) model for the whole range of relative pressure used in this work (0–0.9) describing multilayer adsorption and capillary condensation.Key words: organoclay, inorgano–organo clay, vapor phase VOC’s adsorption, clay surface properties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".