Evaluation of the pathogenicity of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> and <i>Fusarium pseudograminearum</i> on soybean seedlings under controlled conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, the cause of fusarium head blight of small-grain cereals and of gibberella ear rot of corn, has recently been reported to attack soybean, causing root rot and pod blight. A morphologically similar species, Fusarium pseudograminearum, is also an important pathogen of the roots and crown of cereals, but its pathogenicity against soybean has not been tested yet. Pathogenicity tests were conducted under controlled conditions to compare aggressiveness within and between isolates of F. graminearum and F. pseudograminearum in causing root rot of soybean. In each experiment, agar plugs (2 mm in diameter) from 7-day-old fungal cultures were placed on the primary root at the VE (vegetative emergence) growth stage. Twenty seedlings of each of three soybean cultivars were inoculated separately with six isolates each of the two Fusarium spp. All isolates caused visible infection 10 d after inoculation, but F. graminearum isolates were significantly more aggressive than those of F. pseudograminearum. The two species caused average disease severities of 2.3 and 1.1, reduced shoot lengths by 28.9% and 6.9%, and reduced plant dry masses by 12.8% and 7.9%, respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found among cultivars for all parameters and among isolates of F. graminearum in disease severity and shoot length, but there were no significant cultivar × isolate interactions. Further research is needed to verify, in soybean, genotypic difference and possible resistance to the two species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".