Reversible and irreversible fouling of ultrafiltration ceramic membranes by model solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although ceramic membranes are of increasing interest for drinking water treatment, there is little information available regarding their fouling behavior in this context. The objective of the current investigation was to understand the fouling behavior of ceramic membranes on a more fundamental level with foulants that have been identified as problematic for polymeric membranes in drinking water treatment. All solutions showed cake filtration except humic acid and the combination of humic acid and bovine serum albumin (BSA), which showed intermediate and complete blocking filtration, respectively. Silica played a substantial role in increasing the rates of flux decline. BSA was the only foulant that significantly increased the hydrophobicity of the membrane, suggesting that the contact angle of the fouled membrane is not an indication of fouling severity or reversibility. Synergistic fouling effects were observed when the model solutions were combined. These results will be helpful for the application of ceramic membranes in drinking water treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".