American Cold War Policies and the Enewetakese: Community Displacement, Environmental Degradation, and Indigenous Resistance in the Marshall Islands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the Cold War, the United States conducted 43 nuclear shots, 12 chemical explosions, and numerous missile tests on the Enewetak Atoll of the Marshall Islands. Based mainly on archival documents and congressional hearings, this case study focuses on the human and environmental consequences of these American policies. To begin with, the essay highlights U.S. interests and authority in the Marshalls. As the United Nations trustee of the region, the United States conducted these military experiments with a great deal of secrecy and little interference from the outside world. Secondly, the essay examines the significance of these tests for the Enewetakese and their removal to Ujelang, a nearby atoll, for more than three decades. Thirdly, the paper emphasizes the various forms of resistance practised by the Enewetakese. By utilizing a number of political and legal methods, this tiny indigenous community drew attention to their plight in Washington and the United Nations. Finally, the essay discusses the islanders’ attempts to gain compensation from the U.S. Congress for the profound damages caused by the testing program. To date, Washington has failed to provide enough funds to adequately restore the environment of Enewetak or to fully compensate the islanders for their losses.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".