Investigation of Turner syndrome in schizophrenia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Both Turner syndrome and schizophrenia are relatively infrequent conditions. Consequently, individuals having both illnesses are rare. Previous reviews of sex chromosome abnormalities in schizophrenia have focused primarily on the presence of supernumerary X-chromosomes. After identifying two female patients with schizophrenia and Turner syndrome, we reevaluated the available literature that survey female schizophrenics for the presence of chromosomal abnormalities. Eleven patients with Turner syndrome were identified among 6,483 females with schizophrenia in non-case-report studies. These survey results indicate that Turner syndrome occurs approximately three-fold more frequently in schizophrenic females than in the general female population (P < 0.02). Including 6 other case reports and our 2 cases, a total of 19 females with both schizophrenia and Turner syndrome were reported. Interestingly, whereas most Turner syndrome patients have the 45,X karyotype, the majority (18/19) of women with both illnesses have a mosaic karyotype (P < 0.0002). Given the potential role of genes on the X-chromosome in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, the study of unique populations with abnormalities in this chromosome, such as women with Turner syndrome, may offer clues into this illness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".