Douglas Bradburn . The Citizenship Revolution: Politics and the Creation of the American Union, 1774–1804 . (Jeffersonian America.) Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press . 2009 . Pp. xii, 415. $35.00.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This book offers penetrating analysis of the philosophical and political conflicts that forged the idea of American identity in the early republic. Douglas Bradburn identifies the fierce debates surrounding the issue of citizenship as the key for understanding the complex politics of the period: “‘Citizenship’ provides an excellent point of departure for the politics of the era because it embraces both the problems of political thought and the mobilization of people and groups” (pp. 15–16). The two most important conflicts over citizenship in the formative period from 1774 to 1804 were, first, the American effort to craft a notion of citizenship based on natural rights philosophy to replace the British feudal tradition of political obligation and, second, the bitter dispute between the Federalists and the Jeffersonian Republicans in the 1790s. What was at issue, Bradburn claims, was nothing less than what it would mean to be an American. The opening chapters address the transformation from “subject to citizen,” in which the first independent American courts and legislatures grappled with the challenge of applying abstract natural rights theory to the practical realm of civil law (p. 30). It was a democratized version of the British common law inheritance that supplied most of the actual content to the early American idea of rights and citizenship. Bradburn also considers the difficulties federalism posed for the creation of a single, coherent idea of citizenship, highlighting in particular the landmark 1793 case of Chisholm v. Georgia in which the Supreme Court rejected the principle of state sovereign immunity. In the subsequent hurried passage of the Eleventh Amendment, which effectively nullified the court's judgment, Bradburn identifies perhaps “the most enduring problem of American citizenship in the early republic” (p. 62).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.029 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".