Damaging Open-Phase Overvoltage Disturbance on a Shunt-Compensated 500-kV Line Initiated by Unintended Trip
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shunt reactors are applied to long extra high-voltage (HV) transmission lines to compensate for their natural capacitance which otherwise could cause overvoltages under light load conditions. However, when the level of compensation approaches around 65% or higher, these reactors themselves can, due to contingency, become the cause of hazardous overvoltages during unbalanced open-phase conditions on the healthy line. This paper reports on an overvoltage incident that occurred on a 500-kV 72% shunt-compensated line in the BC Hydro system. The overvoltage occurred when one of the breaker poles failed to interrupt the current following an inadvertent three-phase trip of the healthy line. The uninterrupted current kept one phase energized for an extended time. Temporary overvoltages during this condition and restrike transients eventually led to surge arrester failures at both terminals. Analysis of voltage and current recordings provided useful insight into the mechanism responsible for the damaging overvoltages as well as the protection and control responses during the disturbance. The intent of this paper is to share the knowledge gained from analyses of the recorded waveforms with other utilities either having or planning for highly compensated lines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".