'Narrow-Minded People': Canadian Universities and the Academic Refugee Crises, 1933–1941
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The failure of Canadian academics to aide their colleagues in Germany during the 1930s stands in stark contrast to their counterparts in Great Britain, the United States, and elsewhere. While other national academic refugee organizations were established in 1933, it was only in 1939 that Canadian academics organized the Canadian Society for the Protection of Science and Learning (CSPSL). Prior to 1939, a mere handful of displaced scholars found refuge in Canada, almost all of whom were funded by grants from the Carnegie Corporation. The success of the Carnegie program shows that there were no impenetrable barriers to academic migration, if supported by Canadian universities. By the time the CSPSL was established, it was too late to help most of those scholars still trying to escape from German-controlled Europe. The CSPSL was never particularly successful in its efforts to assist refugees, and was never able to escape the anti-Semitism that was so endemic to Canadian society both inside and outside the academy. Le fait que les professeurs d’université du Canada n’aient pas aidé leurs collègues allemands durant les années 1930, contraste grandement avec les résultats obtenus par leurs homologues en Grande-Bretagne, aux E tats-Unis et ailleurs. Tandis que les organismes d’accueil de professeurs réfugiés s’établissent dans ces pays dès 1933, ce n’est qu’en 1939 qu’est fondée la Canadian Society for the Protection of Science and Learning (CSPSL). Avant 1939, seulement quelques érudits trouvent refuge au Canada, principalement gràce à des bourses de la Carnegie Corporation. Le succès du programme Carnegie montre qu’il n’y avait aucun obstacle insurmontable à la migration de professeurs, quand elle était soutenue par des universités canadiennes. Au moment où la CSPSL a été mise en place, il était trop tard pour venir en aide aux érudits qui tentaient encore de fuir l’Europe occupée par les Allemands. La CSPSL n’a jamais vraiment réussi à aider les réfugiés, pas plus qu’elle n’a réussi à échapper au courant antisémite qui s’est installé dans la société canadienne, dans les universités comme à l’extérieur de celles-ci.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".