A simple method for simulating scanning tunneling images
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Real-space observation of single atoms and electron surface states lies at the heart of scanning tunneling microscopy. The resolution of atomic structures depends on quantum mechanical features such as three-dimensional tunneling, the Pauli principle, the possibility of electron resonances, and the importance of multiple scattering events, which allow the current carrying electrons to detect single atoms and explore electronic properties of surfaces. We present a simple calculation that leads directly to experimentally observable quantities. The starting point of the calculation is the treatment of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) as an open quantum system, with the tip being a point-like source (or sink) of electrons. Our STM image simulations of corral-like adsorbate structures bear strong resemblance to the experimental results by Crommie et al. [Science 262, 218–220 (1993); Physica D 83, 98–108 (1995)].
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it