Lungworm (<i>Pharurus pallasii</i>: Metastrongyloidea: Pseudaliidae) infection in the endangered St. Lawrence beluga whale (<i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Eighty-eight percent of adult beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas (age [Formula: see text]7 years; n = 32), and 72% of juveniles (1 year [Formula: see text] age < 7 years; n = 11) were infected with the cranial sinus nematode Pharurus pallasii. No fetuses or young of the year (age [Formula: see text]1 year; n = 9) were infected. The mean intensity of infection was 419 (range 22042) in adults and 179 (range 1500) in juveniles. There was no difference in mean intensity of infection between the sexes or between juvenile and adult beluga. The absence of P. pallasii in young of the year suggests that transmission is not transplacental or transmammary and that infections are acquired as young beluga begin to feed on infected prey. Pharurus pallasii were 3 times more numerous in the peribullar sinuses than in the frontal sinuses, but were equally distributed laterally. Male and female P. pallasii in heavily infected sinuses were significantly longer than those in lightly infected sinuses. No intensity-dependent effect on fecundity of gravid females was observed. No macroscopic lesions were observed in association with P. pallasii in fresh or frozen carcasses. Low numbers of adult P. pallasii in the lungs suggest that the cranial sinuses are the preferred site of infection. No relationship was found between intensity of infection and body condition of beluga.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".