Near‐surface ground‐ice distribution, Kendall Island Bird Sanctuary, western Arctic coast, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The variation in near‐surface ground‐ice content of the uppermost 1 m of permafrost was examined by drilling at 71 sites within the Kendall Island Bird Sanctuary of the outer Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories. Permafrost has aggraded in coastal low‐lying alluvial wetlands during the last 1500 to 500 years, and high near‐surface ground‐ice contents have developed in this saturated environment. In contrast, the ground ice in upland terrain has accumulated since the early Holocene. Permafrost in these uplands has a mean excess‐ice content of 24%, lower than in the alluvial wetlands (34%), and ground‐ice distribution is inherently more variable in upland terrain than in lowlands. Gravimetric moisture content is statistically related to soil organic‐matter content, but the organic‐matter content confounds the relation between gravimetric moisture and excess‐ice content due to its low bulk density. Topographically controlled moisture availability and soil organic‐matter content are important to ground‐ice distribution in uplands, given the order of magnitude increase in gravimetric moisture contents downslope, and the occurrence of massive ice lenses over 50 cm thick at the base of slopes. The potential mean subsidence of alluvial wetlands due to thawing of the uppermost 1 m of permafrost is 34 cm. Such subsidence would substantially increase the frequency of flooding for portions of this area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".