Methane and Carbon Dioxide Hydrate Formation in Water Droplets: Spatially Resolved Measurements from Magnetic Resonance Microimaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have used 1 H magnetic resonance microimaging to probe both methane and carbon dioxide hydrate formation processes inside dispersed water droplets. When bulk techniques such as gas uptake measurements are used for determining the kinetics of hydrate formation, these show a gradual conversion to hydrate, suggesting a relatively homogeneous process that might be modeled using a set of intrinsic kinetic parameters. The spatially resolved microimaging measurements show that in fact the conversion to hydrate is quite inhomogeneous, some drops converting quickly, others requiring hours or days. This indicates that the observation of gradual conversion in bulk samples only arises as a result of averaging over many local environments. Quantitative measurements of kinetic processes in subvolumes of a larger sample suggests that the smaller the volume observed, the more inhomogeneous the process appears to be. When hydrate-coated water droplets in 3,5,5-trimethylpentane are converted to hydrate, there is evidence that nucleation can take place well away from the hydrate coating, with the hydrate sometimes growing in discrete steps before drops are completely converted. The results obtained indicate that in the quiescent systems studied here the definition of intrinsic kinetic parameters will be difficult, if possible at all, because of a stochastic component that competes with more gradual conversion processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".