Healthcare Costs of Inflammatory Myopathies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Little information exists regarding the economic burden related to inflammatory myopathies. Our objective was to estimate health services costs in a large, unselected, population-based sample of patients with inflammatory myopathies. METHODS: We identified subjects with polymyositis and dermatomyositis from administrative healthcare databases (covering all beneficiaries, about 7.5 million) in Quebec province, Canada. Average estimates of health services costs (physician visits, diagnostic tests and procedures, outpatient surgeries and procedures, acute care hospitalizations) for 2003 were calculated by multiplying health service use levels by the appropriate unit prices, determined from government fee schedules and other sources. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to establish whether specific factors (age, sex, disease duration, region of residence, socioeconomic status, type of myositis, disease severity) were associated with cost. RESULTS: We identified 1102 subjects with inflammatory myopathy from January 1, 1989, to January 1, 2003. About two-thirds were women (68.9%); average age at case ascertainment was 57.4 years (SD 18.4). The average cost of all reimbursed health services, in 2008 Canadian dollars, was $4099 per patient (SD $9639). Costs increased with age, and were highest early in the disease course. Greater disease severity (defined as the need for prior hospitalization for myositis) was also a strong predictor of both physician costs and total costs. CONCLUSION: These results indicate significant economic burden related to inflammatory myopathies, with important demographic predictors. Our estimates suggest that the health services costs in inflammatory myopathies may equal, or exceed, those of other serious diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".