Bifurcation structure of the ultrasonically excited microbubbles undergoing buckling and rupture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bubbles exposed to ultrasound are long known to exhibit highly nonlinear and chaotic dynamics. Bubbles stabilized by a shell material (MBs) are widely used as contrast agents in diagnostic ultrasound. However, the nonlinear behavior of the shell significantly increases the complexity of the dynamics. In order to realize the full potential of the MBs, better understanding of the MB behavior is necessary. In this study, the bifurcation structure of the MB with nonlinear shell behavior is investigated for the first time. The Marmottant model was numerically solved, and the bifurcation diagrams of the radial oscillations of the MB were plotted versus the control parameters (e.g., buckling radius). In agreement with recent experimental observations, results predict the generation of subharmonics at very low acoustic pressures. In addition, the numerical simulations predict the generation of higher order subharmonics (e.g., period 3) at very low acoustic pressures (<300 kPa and 25 MHz), which contradicts the predictions by free bubble and viscoelastic shell MB models. Results revealed the strong influence of the buckling and rupture radius on the order of the subharmonics. The numerical results were verified by experimental observations of higher order subharmonics in the oscillations of Definity at 25 and 55 MHz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".