Implications of Sexual Reproduction for <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> in the United States: Generation of an Aggressive Lineage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans isolates (n = 26) collected in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington in 1993, which had been characterized previously for mating type, metalaxyl sensitivity, and alleles at the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase locus, were analyzed for nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) bands detected by probe RG57 and mitochondrial haplotype. Analyses involving the larger set of markers indicated that this group of isolates satisfied expectations of a sexual progeny: they contained much greater genetic diversity than has been reported for most other epidemic populations of P. infestans in the United States and Canada (16 unique multilocus genotypes); both mating types were present in proximity; all possible combinations of alleles occurred at many pairs of polymorphic loci; and two distinct mitochondrial haplotypes were distributed among the isolates. An in vitro laboratory cross involving the putative parents (US-6 and US-7) as parental strains produced progeny with the same general characteristics as the field isolates. Among the field progeny were two genotypes, US-11 and US-16, that had been described previously but from subsequent and largely clonal collections. Isolates obtained from tomatoes (n = 40) and potatoes (n = 7) in 24 counties in California in 1998 were analyzed as described above, and all except one US-8 isolate from potatoes were of the US-11 clonal lineage, consistent with the hypothesis that the US-11 lineage is an especially fit clonal lineage that has survived over time and can dominate pathogen populations over a large area. We conclude that the 1993 Columbia Basin collection represents a sexual progeny that generated the US-11 lineage, and that this lineage is particularly fit when tomatoes are part of the agroecosystem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".