The Calculation of NMR Chemical Shifts in Periodic Systems Based on Gauge Including Atomic Orbitals and Density Functional Theory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present here a method that can calculate NMR shielding tensors from first principles for systems with translational invariance. Our approach is based on Kohn-Sham density functional theory and gauge-including atomic orbitals. Our scheme determines the shielding tensor as the second derivative of the total electronic energy with respect to an external magnetic field and a nuclear magnetic moment. The induced current density due to a periodic perturbation from nuclear magnetic moments is obtained through numerical differentiation, whereas the influence of the responding perturbation in terms of the external magnetic field is evaluated analytically. The method is implemented into the periodic program BAND. It employs a Bloch basis set made up of Slater-type or numeric atomic orbitals and represents the Kohn-Sham potential fully without the use of effective core potentials. Results from calculations of NMR shielding constants based on the present approach are presented for isolated molecules as well as systems with one-, two- and three-dimensional periodicity. The reported values are compared to experiment and results from calculations on cluster models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".