Electrochemical Detection of Single-Nucleotide Mismatches Using an Electrode Microarray
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gold electrode arrays with electrode diameters of 10 mum were used for the detection of eight single-nucleotide mismatches in unlabeled and prehybridized DNA by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Because of the differences in the electrical properties of films of duplex DNA (normal duplex DNA in B-form) in the presence and absence of Zn(2+) at pH > or = 8.6, Randles equivalent circuits were employed to evaluate the EIS results. The difference in the charge-transfer resistance (DeltaR(CT)) between B-DNA (absence of Zn2+ at pH > or = 8.6) and M-DNA (presence of Zn2+ at pH > or = 8.6) allows unequivocal detection of all eight single-nucleotide mismatches within a 20-mer DNA sequence. After dehybridization/rehybridization with target DNA, DeltaR(CT) allows the discrimination of single-nucleotide mismatches with concentrations of the target strand as low as 10 fM. Although the presence of protein impurities (bovine serum albumin, 10 microg/mL) interferes with the detection of the target strand (1 pM detection limit), the presence of nontarget DNA (calf thymus DNA, 10(-8) M) does not interfere, and the detection limit for recognition of the target strand remains at 10 fM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".