The Properties of the X-Ray-selected EMSS Sample of BL Lacertae Objects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present updated and complete radio, optical and X-ray data for BL Lacs in the Einstein Medium Sensitivity Survey (EMSS). The complete "M91" sample first presented in Morris et al. is updated to include 26 BL Lacs in total and we define a new, virtually complete sample consisting of 41 EMSS BL Lacs (the "D40" sample). New high signal-to-noise, arcsecond-resolution VLA observations are also presented for eleven EMSS BL Lacs, completing VLA observations of the M91 sample. The addition of four new objects, as well as updated X-ray flux and redshift information, has increased the v/v_max value for the M91 sample to 0.399\pm0.057; and v/v_max = 0.427\pm0.045 for the newly defined D40 sample. In conjunction with other studies of X-ray-selected BL Lac (XBL) samples, these results solidify negative evolution for XBLs, especially for more extreme high-energy-peaked BL Lacs. The observed v/v_max, spectral and radio properties of XBLs are completely consistent with being the beamed population of low-luminosity, FR-1 radio galaxies. However, our VLA observations do confirm that XBLs are too core-dominated to be consistent with a beamed population of FR-1s seen at intermediate angles, as suggested by the unified model, if XBLs have moderate outflow velocities (gamma approx 5).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".