Paracellular pathway remodeling enhances sodium secretion by teleost fish in hypersaline environments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In vertebrate salt-secreting epithelia, Na(+) moves passively down an electrochemical gradient via a paracellular pathway. We assessed how this pathway is modified to allow Na(+) secretion in hypersaline environments. Mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) acclimated to hypersaline [2× seawater (2SW), 64‰] for 30 days developed invasive projections of accessory cells with an increased area of tight junctions, detected by punctate distribution of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) immunofluorescence and transmission electron miscroscopy of the opercular epithelia, which form a gill-like tissue rich in ionocytes. Distribution of CFTR was not explained by membrane raft organization, because chlorpromazine (50 μmol l(-1)) and filipin (1.5 μmol l(-1)) did not affect opercular epithelia electrophysiology. Isolated opercular epithelia bathed in SW on the mucosal side had a transepithelial potential (Vt) of +40.1±0.9 mV (N=24), sufficient for passive Na(+) secretion (Nernst equilibrium voltage≡ENa=+24.11 mV). Opercular epithelia from fish acclimated to 2SW and bathed in 2SW had higher Vt of +45.1±1.2 mV (N=24), sufficient for passive Na(+) secretion (ENa=+40.74 mV), but with diminished net driving force. Bumetanide block of Cl(-) secretion reduced Vt by 45% and 29% in SW and 2SW, respectively, a decrease in the driving force for Na(+) extrusion. Estimates of shunt conductance from epithelial conductance (Gt) versus short-circuit current (Isc) plots (extrapolation to zero Isc) suggested a reduction in total epithelial shunt conductance in 2SW-acclimated fish. In contrast, the morphological elaboration of tight junctions, leading to an increase in accessory-cell-ionocyte contact points, suggests an increase in local paracellular conductance, compensating for the diminished net driving force for Na(+) and allowing salt secretion, even in extreme salinities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".