Transmission of Light through Human Skin Folds during Phototherapy: Effects of Physical Characteristics, Irradiation Wavelength, and Skin-Diode Coupling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: There are no available guidelines for adjusting radiant exposure of phototherapy to accommodate for certain patient characteristics, as well as for the light source being used. We examined factors that affect light transmission using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Methods: Age, gender, height, and weight were recorded. Skin colour, skin-fold thickness, and light transmission through a skin fold were measured over biceps and triceps muscles and at the waistline. Light was generated using LED arrays at 840 and 660 nm. Transmission was measured using three skin-diode coupling conditions. Results: Transmission was greatest when diodes were coupled directly to skin with pressure, with transmission of infrared light 2.5 times that of red light. As body mass index (BMI) increased, transmission decreased. Transmission of red light decreased with increasing skin darkness. Skin colour did not affect transmission of infrared light. There was a gender difference for infrared light transmission in individuals with a low BMI. Conclusions: Radiant exposure of LED phototherapy should be adjusted based on patient characteristics, as well as on laser system characteristics, to ensure that the needed fluence reaches the target tissue.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".