New Generation of "Green" Defoamers for Challenging Drilling and Cementing Applications
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Increased environmental regulations in the North Sea, US and Canada offshores (OSPAR, US EPA, etc.) call for the use of less toxic and biodegradable chemicals in upstream oilfied applications. Compliance with international and domestic protocols governing use and discharge of oilfield chemicals is a crucial factor in the development of new, environmentally benign additives. To create competitive products, service companies need to re-evaluate their existing product lines and re-formulate with chemistries that must meet not only the standards for the ecotoxicity footprint but also, the technological challenges in oilfields. With increasing offshore production activities, the need to develop efficient technological solutions generates a substantial market for "green" chemical substances. In drilling and cementing applications, the reliable administration of defoaming chemistries is a key step in preventing excessive foaming and avoiding operational difficulties due to entrained air. Traditional products that are used in common operating conditions, often pose a risk to the environment. A new generation of "greener" chemistries is needed either in liquid or solid forms. Solid defoamers represent a particularly attractive alternative, as they are characterized by long term stability and ease of handling under severe climatic conditions. This paper presents the development of "green" technologies that show superior performance when compared to traditional defoamers. Formulated products in liquid and solid forms are evaluated using an advanced analytical approach to optimized performance during simulated field conditions. Based on widely used risk assessment models, these new alternatives offer safe and reliable solutions for slurry design and chemical control of foaming in offshore applications. Examples of severe foaming cases in slurries containing diverse additives are presented and demonstrate the advantage of this "green" technology. The oilfield industry is presently facing several challenges both from stricter environmental restrictions and also from specific field application requirements. The focus on finding suitable replacement additives for cementing and drilling systems without compromising the properties of completion fluids is a priority for many oil service companies. The studied "green" defoamers are less toxic and easily biodegradable thus providing new environmentally responsible and cost-effective additives.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it