The binding and distribution of albendazole and its principal metabolites in <i>Giardia duodenalis</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Trophozoites of the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis were exposed to various albendazole concentrations for 4 h, washed, fixed and incubated with antibodies raised against albendazole and its two major metabolites albendazole sulphoxide and albendazole sulphone. Tubulin antibodies were also used. A peroxidase- or FITC-conjugated secondary antibody was used to detect the primary antibody with transmission electron microscopy or confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. Albendazole, a benzimidazole compound, was detected in the mid-dorsal region of trophozoites, albendazole sulphoxide in the posterior-dorsal region and albendazole sulphone in clusters above the median bodies. Tubulin was recognised in the ventral disk. This is the first indication that G. duodenalis may be capable of metabolising albendazole and the potential path of the metabolised drug traced within the trophozoite. Fluorescence measurements revealed that albendazole sulphoxide binding decreased and albendazole sulphone binding increased with exposure of the trophozoites to increasing albendazole concentration. This indicates that if albendazole was being metabolised by trophozoites, it occurred to a greater extent following exposure to higher albendazole concentrations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".