Detection and sub-cellular distribution of the amnesic shellfish toxin, domoic acid, in the digestive gland of<i>Octopus vulgaris</i>during periods of toxin absence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Domoic acid (DA) is a neurotoxin produced by Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms that is accumulated in the highest concentrations in filter-feeding organisms, such as bivalve molluscs. Although DA is a water-soluble molecule that is rapidly cleared from most marine organisms, it appears that octopus may consistently contain DA in the digestive gland. To test this hypothesis, specimens of Octopus vulgaris were caught for DA analysis when Pseudo-nitzschia cells were not observed in seawater and DA was not detected in octopus food items, i.e. mussels. DA was consistently detected in each octopus specimen (n=32) analysed and its concentrations varied from 1.0 to 26.6 µg g−1. DA sub-cellular distribution was evaluated in the digestive gland of six specimens in order to prove whether DA preferably accumulates in some cell compartment. DA was predominantly found (>90%) in the soluble fraction (cytosol) and to a lesser extent in the insoluble fractions (nucleic, mitochondrial, lysosomal, microsomal). This disposition should favour DA trophic transfer from prey to predators. The present study contributes with relevant data to the growing knowledge on the accumulation of marine toxins in cephalopods and on the trophic transfer of DA throughout the marine food web.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".