Growth, weaning performance and blood indicators of humoral immunity in Holstein calves fed supplemental flavonoids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The primary objective was to test the hypothesis that flavonoids mediate immune response and affect calf performance. Twenty Holstein calves [7 +/- 2 days age; 41.4 +/- 0.7 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly assigned to four treatments of (i) no; (ii) low (7.3 x 10(-5) g/kg BW); (iii) medium (7.3 x 10(-4) g/kg BW); and (iv) high (3.6 x 10(-3) g/kg BW) doses of flavonoids intake in a completely randomized design. Calves received the treatments as a tablet until weaning or a daily intake of 680 g starter. After weaning, calves received no supplemental flavonoids and monitored until 120 days of age. The flavonoids were extracted from propolis. Treatments did not affect body length, wither height and the severity of scours. At week 5 of age, BW was higher when calves fed the high compared to the low dose of flavonoids. At week 6, calves fed the high dose of flavonoids had higher BW than those fed no or low doses of flavonoids. The serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations remained lower at the first 3 weeks of the experiment when calves received the low but not the high doses of flavonoids. At week 4, both medium and low doses of flavonoids moderated serum IgG. At week 8, the medium and high but not the low doses of flavonoids lowered serum IgG. At week 6, calves fed high and medium flavonoids doses had lower blood immunoglobulin M (IgM) than control calves. Results suggest that flavonoids affect the humoral immune response and can improve growth in young calves. This response depended on calf age. Future studies are needed to further evaluate the premise that dietary forages or the main source of flavonoids are helpful for a less stressful weaning in the modern calf raising.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".