Icing processes associated with high Arctic perennial springs, Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Saline perennial springs have been documented at six locations on Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian high Arctic. Spring discharge rates, temperatures and chemistry, and associated icing and frost mound formation have been documented at two locations in the Expedition Fiord area since 1988 and at one location near Whitsunday Bay since 1996. Cold Ca‐ and Na‐rich waters discharge near the base of Gypsum Hill and Colour Peak at Expedition Fiord. A large oval‐shaped icing up to 2 m thick forms at the base of Gypsum Hill while at Colour Peak the springs have formed a series of gullies and travertine deposits which develop three small icing and frost mounds systems in winter. At Whitsunday Bay cold discharge is from a single outlet and is confined by a deep channel where it forms a salt tufa. Where the channel emerges onto the floodplain a large fan‐shaped icing is formed. This paper also documents spring discharge and icing activity from three other non‐glacial sources and one glacial source. The icings and frost mounds formed by these springs are very different from those formed by late summer and early winter subglacial discharge. The high solute concentrations lead to freezing‐point depression, complex patterns of freezing and the formation of brine icings, together with a variety of mineral precipitates. Freezing‐point depression experiments help explain icing hydrology and the spatial pattern of icing formation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".