Living with Strangers: The Nineteenth-Century Sioux and the Canadian-American Borderlands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
David G. McCrady tackles the subject of Sioux use and control of the northern borderlands, which he defines as the territory of southern Canada and the northern United States stretching from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains and divided by the forty-ninth parallel. The story begins in 1752 when France and England attempted to control tribes and lands west of the Great Lakes. The narrative shifts following the 1763 Peace of Paris and the Convention of 1818, which divided between America and Canada the northern lands that lie along the forty-ninth parallel from Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. Most of the narrative focuses on tribal responses to nineteenth-century Canadian and American expansion onto the northern prairies between the lake country and the western mountains. This was Sioux territory (the author defines Sioux as a political entity encompassing Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota communities). At this point the story becomes richer. It describes this paper border as ineffective, failing to deter tribal peoples from freely moving back and forth without fear. The border failed because of an absence of nineteenth-century Canadian-American northern borderland patrols. Neither nation forced their “Canadian or United States” tribesmen to stay on their respective side of the line.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.081 | 0.026 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".