Effect of Impact Velocity and Substrate Temperature on Boiling of Water Droplets Impinging on a Hot Stainless Steel Surface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We photographed high velocity impact of small water droplets (0.55 mm) on a heated stainless steel surface. To achieve high impact velocities the test surface was mounted on the rim of a rotating flywheel, giving linear velocities of up to 50 m/s. Two cartridge heaters were inserted in the substrate and used to vary substrate temperature. A CCD video camera was used to photograph droplets impinging on the substrate. By synchronizing the ejection of a single droplet with the position of the rotating flywheel and triggering of the camera, different stages of droplet impact were photographed. Substrate temperature was varied from 100–240°C and the impact velocity from 10–30 m/s. High-resolution photographs were taken of vapor bubbles nucleating sites inside the thin films produced by spreading droplets. For a given impact velocity, the extent of droplet spreading increased with substrate temperature. The superheat needed to initiate bubble nucleation decreased with impact velocity. We derived an analytical expression for the amount of superheat required for vapor bubble nucleation as a function of impact velocity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".