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Record W2070008391 · doi:10.1080/13602004.2010.494073

Preserving or Extending Boundaries: The Black Shi‘is of America

2010· article· en· W2070008391 on OpenAlex
Liyakat Takim

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Muslim Minority Affairs · 2010
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicRace, History, and American Society
Canadian institutionsMcMaster University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsRedressCuriosityScholarshipMuslim communityTerrorismEthnic groupSociologyPolitical scienceGender studiesLawHistoryPsychologySocial psychologyIslam

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

While much has been written regarding the rise and experience of the African-American Muslim community in America, Western scholarship has paid little attention to the Black Shi‘is in the country. This paper will attempt to redress this imbalance. First, the paper will discuss Shi‘i institutions and their proselytization activities in America. It will be argued that, being a minority within the Muslim community in America, the Shi‘i community is highly introverted and more concerned with preserving rather than extending its boundaries. In addition, the ethnic divisions within the Shi‘i community and the fact that Shi‘ism is highly reliant on the foreign based ayatollahs means that the Shi‘i community has not been concerned with reaching out to potential converts. Drawing upon the results of a survey conducted for this study, it will be argued that the Wahhabis, by their vehement attacks on the Shi‘is, have aroused the curiosity of many converts who had not previously heard of Shi‘ism. Paradoxically, this has led to their conversion to Shi‘ism. The paper will also review the situation of Shi‘ism in the Correctional Facilities and analyze the works of a major Shi‘i proselyte whose enormous impact on inmates of American correctional facilities has yet to be acknowledged.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesScience and technology studies, Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Qualitative · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.416
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.004
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.020
GPT teacher head0.301
Teacher spread0.281 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it