Reduced Bone Mass Accrual in Swim-Trained Prepubertal Mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Clinical studies have found that nonimpact non-weight-bearing sports are associated with normal to low bone mineral densities. The objective of this study was to quantify structural bone adaptations of the mouse to swimming using in vivo micro-computed tomography. METHODS: Prepubertal female mice underwent a 16-wk training program, in which they swam for progressively increasing durations up to 55 min for 5 d·wk(-1). A sham group was subjected to the water, but they did not perform the swimming exercise. Skeletal sites that were assessed included the proximal humerus, lumbar spine, midshaft and distal femur, proximal tibia, and the skull. RESULTS: Normal bone mass accrual was suppressed in the swim group during the initial 4 wk of training, during rapid growth. Swim mice gained 31.8% less (P = 0.001) and 16.7% less (P = 0.003) trabecular bone volume at the proximal tibial and humeral metaphyses, respectively. In the 12 wk that followed, low trabecular bone volume persisted in the swimmers (P < 0.001). Trabecular properties were reduced primarily at the metaphysis but not the epiphysis, and cortical bone was reduced at both compartments. At the femoral midshaft, swim mice had less cortical porosity (SHAM = 32% ± 3% vs SWIM = 22% ± 3%, P = 0.043). Despite the bone microarchitectural adaptations, swimming did not induce detectable changes to macroarchitecture, including bone length and total volume. Tissue mineral density was unaffected by swimming, suggesting that material changes did not occur. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the response of prepubertal mice to swimming was adaptation at the bone microarchitectural level and resulted in an altered topology that was sustained until the end of the training program. Low bone mass was systemic throughout the mouse, with the largest depressions in the hindlimbs and spine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".