Butyric acid suppresses palatable food consumption in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) housed in short, but not long, photoperiods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Short days induce winter-like adaptations in small mammals such as Siberian hamsters ( Phodopus sungorus (Pallas, 1773)). Specifically, hamsters adjust food consumption, metabolic processes, and immune function to optimize energetic needs and promote winter survival. One potentially inexpensive behavioral adaptation to increase survival is avoidance of infection. We tested the hypothesis that photoperiod affects avoidance of potentially infected food. In experiment 1, hamsters were weaned into either short or long days with ad libitum food. Three weeks later, hamsters were presented with either skim milk treated with butyric acid (2%), a bacterial product that serves as a potent cue of spoilage, or unadulterated skim milk; consumption was measured. After milk presentation, blood samples were obtained to assess cortisol. In experiment 2, skim-milk consumption was again assessed after 3 weeks in either short or long days. In experiment 3, we tested the hypothesis that food avoidance was due to photoperiod-induced differential neophobia. Short-day hamsters increased milk consumption, which was blocked by butyric acid. Short days increased cortisol concentrations; neither food restriction nor butyric acid affected cortisol concentrations. Photoperiod did not alter neophobic responses. These experiments suggest that short-day hamsters avoid food treated with butyric acid possibly as an adaptive trait to avoid costly winter infections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".