Effect of limestone addition on early-age properties of ultra high-performance concrete
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of using limestone as partial replacement for cement on the early-age properties of ultra high-performance concrete cured at simulated cold and normal field conditions were investigated. Different particle sizes of limestone, ranging from nano (15–40 nm) up to 12 µm, were added at rates of 0, 5, 10 and 15% as partial volume replacement for cement. The results indicate that in very low water/cement ratio concrete mixtures, the incorporated micro-sized limestone acts mainly as an inert filler material, creating a denser microstructure and increasing the effective water/cement ratio. Although the mixtures incorporating micro-sized limestone exhibited mechanical properties that were comparable to or weaker than those of mixtures incorporating nano-sized calcium carbonate, they had similar or higher mechanical properties than those of the control mixture without limestone. Thus, environmentally friendly concrete can be produced using micro-limestone, by reducing the cement factor of ultra high-performance concrete while enhancing the mechanical properties
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".