Effect of limestone addition on early-age properties of ultra high-performance concrete
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of using limestone as partial replacement for cement on the early-age properties of ultra high-performance concrete cured at simulated cold and normal field conditions were investigated. Different particle sizes of limestone, ranging from nano (15–40 nm) up to 12 µm, were added at rates of 0, 5, 10 and 15% as partial volume replacement for cement. The results indicate that in very low water/cement ratio concrete mixtures, the incorporated micro-sized limestone acts mainly as an inert filler material, creating a denser microstructure and increasing the effective water/cement ratio. Although the mixtures incorporating micro-sized limestone exhibited mechanical properties that were comparable to or weaker than those of mixtures incorporating nano-sized calcium carbonate, they had similar or higher mechanical properties than those of the control mixture without limestone. Thus, environmentally friendly concrete can be produced using micro-limestone, by reducing the cement factor of ultra high-performance concrete while enhancing the mechanical properties
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".