Computer Calculations of Exercise Dead Space: The Role of Laminar Flow, and Development of a Clinical Prediction Formula
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The behaviour of the anatomical dead space cannot be described by passage of a ‘square’ wave front through the conducting airways, with subsequent diffusion of alveolar gas back up the bronchial tree. A computer model based on these assumptions leads to overestimation of the dead space during both rest and exercise. It is suggested that these discrepancies arise from laminar (axial) flow in the smaller airways. A simple description of the anatomical dead space is given by the equation V<sub>D</sub> = V<sub>f</sub>+ (V<sub>e</sub>-200)<sub>e</sub>-kt where V<sub>D</sub> is the volume of the anatomical dead space, V<sub>f</sub> is the volume of the conducting airway to the fifteenth order bronchioles, V<sub>e</sub> is the volume from the sixteenth order bronchioles to the second or third order alveolar ducts, 200 is an empirical correction for laminar gas flow, k is a diffusion constant (1.0 for nitrogen, 0.8 for carbon dioxide) and t is the half length of the respiratory cycle, measured in seconds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".