Major congenital anomalies in children born to women with systemic lupus erythematosus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can cause considerable morbidity during pregnancy. Although several studies have evaluated fetal outcome in lupus pregnancy, only one small study assessed congenital anomalies in 30 children born to SLE mothers, showing no excess risk. In a large population-based study, we aimed to determine whether children born to women with SLE have an increased risk of major congenital anomalies compared with children born to women without SLE. We identified all women who had ≥1 hospitalization for a delivery after SLE diagnosis using Quebec's physician billing and hospitalization databases (1989 to 2009). Women were defined as SLE cases if they had any of the following: ≥1 hospitalization with a diagnosis of SLE prior to the delivery; a diagnosis of SLE recorded at the time of their hospitalization for delivery; or ≥2 physician visits with a diagnosis of SLE, occurring 2 to 24 months apart, prior to the delivery. We randomly selected a general population control group, composed of women matched at least 4:1 for age and year of delivery, who did not have a diagnosis of SLE prior to or at the time of delivery. We identified children born live to SLE cases and their matched controls, and obtained information on all physician visits and hospitalizations incurred by these children. We ascertained major congenital anomalies, as defined by ≥1 hospitalization or physician visit with an ICD-9/10 diagnostic code for major congenital anomaly, within the first 12 months of life. We performed multivariate analyses to adjust for maternal demographics (that is, age, education, marital status), sex and birth order of child, major maternal co-morbidities (that is, pre-gestational diabetes, hypertension, asthma, depression), and relevant maternal medications (that is, antimalarials, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants). A total of 507 women with SLE had 721 children, while 5,862 matched controls had 8,561 children. Compared with controls, children born to women with SLE experienced slightly more major congenital anomalies (13.6% (95% CI = 11.3 to 16.3) vs. 10.4% (95% CI = 9.7 to 11.1)). In multivariate analyses, children born to women with SLE had a substantially increased risk of major congenital anomalies (adjusted OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.62) compared with controls. Medication exposures did not seem to mediate the risk of major congenital anomalies. Our findings suggest that, compared with children from the general population, children born to women with SLE have an increased risk of major congenital anomalies, and prompt further research to elucidate this issue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".