Contrasting responses in larval and juvenile growth to a climate–ocean regime shift between anchovy and sardine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anchovy and sardine populations have fluctuated alternately with decadal changes in climatic and oceanic states, although the mechanisms remain unclear. In the western North Pacific, anchovy and sardine share nursery grounds in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transitional waters, where the subtropical and subarctic currents converge from the south and north, respectively. We found that northward expansion of the subtropical waters simultaneously changed the local environment in the nursery grounds to be favorable for late larvae and early juveniles of anchovy, but not for those of sardine during 1996–2002. Increased temperature enhanced growth and survival for anchovy, whereas reduced food availability diminished those for sardine. Northward expansion of the subtropical waters have been linked with wind-forced anomaly of sea-surface height in the central North Pacific. After 1988, when anchovy flourished and sardine collapsed in the western North Pacific, previous studies by other researchers documented similar changes in air–sea interaction. Our results suggest that contrasting responses in growth and survival processes to wind-forced oscillation of the current structures caused the alternate population dynamics between anchovy and sardine in the western North Pacific.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".