Peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs) – a marker for upper motor neuron involvement in ALS?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Upper motor neuron involvement in ALS has been widely studied by means of transcranial magnetic stimulation and various imaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging, proton emission tomography, single photon emission computer tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Although almost all of these methods have detected 'abnormalities' of the motor cortex, no method has yet proven to be capable of monitoring disease progression. We and others have used peristimulus time histograms (PSTH) to evaluate corticomotoneuronal dysfunction. The primary peak (PP) in the PSTH reflects the initial rising phase of the excitatory post-synaptic potential evoked at the anterior horn cell by converging corticomotoneurons. In ALS, the PP is delayed in onset, increased in duration, and desynchronized. These abnormalities become more pronounced over time. Delayed PPs also occur more frequently in non-hereditary ALS (nHALS) with disease progression and are a hallmark of the autosomal recessively inherited D90A Cu-Zn SOD mutation. Evidence indicates that in this particular mutation, as well as in nHALS, the fast-conducting monosynaptic pathway originating from large pyramidal Betz cells is preferentially lost, whereas a slow-conducting pathway seems to be spared. This is most likely due to the enormous metabolic demand of the large pyramidal cells, which may explain the selective vulnerability of the most recent phylogenetic system to develop in the human nervous system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".