Monitoring native non-target Lepidoptera for three years following a high dose and volume application of<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>subsp.<i>kurstaki</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The operational use of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) to control the western spruce budworm in the mountainous terrain of British Columbia, Canada, gives variable results at the registered dose of 30 BIU ha − 1 in 2.4 L ha − 1. Btk (Foray 48B®, 60 BIU ha − 1 in 4.8 L ha − 1) was applied experimentally in 1996 over 150-ha of western spruce budworm-infested Douglas-fir forest to determine if increasing both the dose and volume of Btk applications gives more uniform and effective control. We sampled native caterpillars on the shrub Ribes cereum Douglas in this and a similar, untreated area 2 km away from 1996 to 1998 to assess the impact of this high dose and volume Btk application on non-target Lepidoptera. The numerically dominant lepidopteran species were Euhyponomeutoides gracilariella Busck (52%) and Gelechia ribesella Chambers (32%). The remaining 16% of the guild was comprised of numerous sparsely distributed species. Total larval abundance was significantly lower on plants that were sprayed with Btk than on plants that were covered to exclude Btk within the treatment area in the year of application. Geometrids appeared to be less affected by the treatment than other taxa. Both G. ribesella and E. gracilariella appeared to make a full recovery by the second year post-treatment, but we did not find a full recovery of the sparsely distributed species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".