Synthesis of Two Bis-GMA Derivates with Different Size Substituents as Potential Monomer to Reduce the Polymerization Shrinkage of Dental Restorative Composites
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Organic matrixes of commercial dental composites generally consist of diluent such as triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) to decrease viscosity. However, the increasing dilution exhibited adverse effects such as higher polymerization shrinkage and water uptake of resin materials. Therefore, the viscosity of the resin matrix should be as low as possible to fabricate resin composites with a minimum content of diluent. To overcome the high viscosity of 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3- methacryloyloxypropoxy) phenyl] propane (Bis-GMA) caused by hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups, 2,2-bis[4-(2-benzoyl-3-methacryloyloxypropoxy) phenyl] propane (Bz-Bis-GMA) and 2,2-bis[4-(2-valeryl-3-methacryloyloxypropoxy) phenyl] propane (Vr-Bis-GMA) were synthesized by esterification reaction using benzoyl and valeryl as substituent groups for hydroxyl groups. A series of resin composites containing various resin mixtures of Bis-GMA, Bz-Bis-GMA, Vr-Bis-GMA and TEGDMA and the same filler composition with 70 wt% loading were fabricated. The results suggested that the viscosity of Bis-GMA was dramatically reduced from 820 Pa.s to 2.7 Pa.s and 1.6 Pa.s by regulating substituent size of benzoyl and valeryl groups for hydroxyl groups, respectively. Consequently, the amount of TEGDMA included in the Bz-Bis-GMA matrix could be minimized to 20 wt%, as a substituent for the commonly used resin formulation (Bis-GMA/TEGDMA=50/50, wt/wt), resulting in the reduced polymerization shrinkage (2.1%), adequate flexural strength (93.3 MPa) and compressive strength (212.4 MPa) of the corresponding composites, which might provide a new strategy for the design of novel monomer for dental restorative materials with a decreased polymerization shrinkage and acceptable mechanical performance.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it