Delimiting Species Boundaries in Rosa Sect. Cinnamomeae (Rosaceae) in Eastern North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study investigates species boundaries in the polyploid complex of Rosa sect. Cinnamomeae east of the Rocky Mountains. This complex is characterized by extensive intra-specific polymorphism that is the consequence, in part, of hybridization and polyploidy. An objective multivariate approach is employed to delimit species in the complex, which involved cluster and ordination analyses of 25 quantitative morphological characters and of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Because polyploid individuals blurred species boundaries in the complex, they were discriminated a priori using stomata guard cell lengths in order to investigate species boundaries at each ploidy level separately. Four distinct species were found at the diploid level: R. blanda – R. woodsii, R. foliolosa, R. nitida and R. palustris. According to the morphological and molecular data, R. blanda and R. woodsii are indistinguishable and should be considered as a single species. Three species were identified at the polyploid level, R. arkansana, R. carolina, and R. virginiana, albeit with evidence of hybridization between them. The genetic and morphological similarity between individuals of the polyploid species and those of the different diploid species allowed us to identify possible parents for the polyploid species. Rosa arkansana likely originated from R. blanda (incl. R. woodsii), R. carolina from a hybrid between R. blanda and R. palustris, and R. virginiana from R. palustris. Although the multivariate approach was not able to differentiate species when all individuals were considered together, a classification tree showed that it is indeed feasible to identify species in the complex without prior knowledge of the ploidy level of individuals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".