Endothelin is a dose-dependent trophic factor and a mitogen in small arteries in vivo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Endothelin (ET) modulates cellular processes relevant to vascular remodeling, but there is still some debate as to the potential of ET to be a trophic factor or a mitogen. Moreover, the signaling of ET in vivo to produce these effects is largely unknown. METHODS: 3H-leucine and 3H-thymidine incorporation in rat small mesenteric arteries was studied with several doses of ET-1 (0.1-10 pmol/kg/min) administered for 26 h in vivo. RESULTS: The EC50 for protein synthesis was four times lower than that of DNA synthesis, with maximal effects around 1 and 3 pmol/kg/min, respectively. At 5 pmol/kg/min, ET enhanced CDK2 activity by reducing the binding of its inhibitor p27(Kip1). In contrast, the binding was enhanced at 0.5 pmol/kg/min. The reduced binding observed at 5 pmol/kg/min could not be explained by changes of p27(Kip1) or CDK2 content. Phosphorylation of p27(Kip1) on serine 10 was significantly reduced at 5 pmol/kg/min ET. Although the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway was activated, it did not contribute to the protein or DNA synthesis responses. Administration of 1 or 5 pmol/kg/min ET-1 for 28 days increased the thickness and cross-sectional area of the small mesenteric artery due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia, respectively, thus confirming the results obtained in acute conditions. CONCLUSION: ET modulates p27(Kip1) binding to CDK2, producing hypertrophy at low and hyperplasia at higher concentrations. Taken together, these results suggest that ET can act both as a trophic factor and as a mitogen in an in vivo environment, depending on its local concentration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".