The hind limb of<i>Captorhinus aguti</i>and the step cycle of basal amniotes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exquisitely preserved limb elements of Captorhinus aguti from the Lower Permian locality of Richards Spur, Oklahoma, form an excellent basis for analysing the step cycle of the hind limb of basal amniotes. An articulated composite hind limb skeleton is moved through the step cycle. These movements are constrained by the intrinsic skeletal anatomy and data from fossilized footprints attributed to Palaeozoic amniotes. Two well-defined hinge joints are evident: a distal tarsometatarsal joint, and a mesotarsal joint between the calcaneumastragaluscentrale unit and distal tarsals. A strict homology between the latter and mesotarsal joint in lepidosaurs is uncertain. The conspicuous size disparity between the distal end of the tibia and the much larger tibial facet of the astragalus, a widespread feature of archaic amniotes, permits considerable movement between the distal end of the tibia and astragalus during the stance phase. Differential dorsoflexion, concentrated at the preaxial side of the mesotarsal joint, allows the pes to remain stationary (rather than slide laterally) on the substrate as the femur is retracted and the tarsus shifts from an anterior to lateral orientation. The distal end of the femur describes an arc of only ~60° during the stance phase, but could rotate about 60° about its long axis, a figure comparable to that recorded for living lizards.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".