Submerged appurtenances and pipelines: An assessment of water levels and contaminant occurrence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Submerged air vacuum valves and pipe leaks are potential entry points of contaminated water into drinking water distribution systems under low‐pressure conditions. Water levels in 20 valve vaults and 17 groundwater wells were monitored weekly for 8 months. The assembled data set indicated that water mains and air vacuum valves were commonly submerged in the investigated system. Urban runoff was found to be the dominant source of flooding in 11 of the 16 vaults containing water. A subset of 14 vaults and 10 piezometers were sampled for microbial and chemical parameters. Concentrations of chemical contaminants generally did not exceed drinking water standards. However, high counts of microbial fecal indicators were detected in numerous vaults. Runoff volumes of up to 255 L/mm of rainfall were found to enter a tested vault, and runoff water was identified as the main source of pesticides, personal care products, microbial fecal indicators, and hydrocarbons in vaults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".