Birch leaf endophytes in managed and natural boreal forests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fungal endophytes of birch trees are nonsystemic and transmitted horizontally by spores. Because the endophytes reinfect the leaves every growing season, the frequency of occurrence and species composition of the fungi depend on various abiotic and biotic environmental conditions. This was a study of possible effects of silviculture and local environmental variables on endophyte frequencies. Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) leaves were sampled from seedling stands (five transects), managed mature forest (seven transects), and old natural forest (five transects) in the boreal vegetation zone in east-central Finland. The sapling stands had the highest endophyte frequency and the managed forest the lowest total infection frequency. The old natural forest tended to have the most diverse identified fungal species community, but the difference was not statistically significant. The most frequently isolated endophytic fungi were Fusicladium betulae (Rob. & Desm.) Aderh., consisting of 70% of the isolates from the sapling stands and 31% and 21% of the isolates from the managed forest and natural forest, respectively. It is probable that the sapling stands had plenty of available spores combined with an otherwise favourable microclimate. In the natural forests Gnomonia setacea (Pers.:Fr.) Ces. & de Not. was the most frequently isolated endophyte (30%), while in the sapling stands only 4% of the isolates belonged to G. setacea. In natural forest the frequency of G. setacea infections was positively correlated with stand age, indicating that G. setacea is favouring the old forest habitats.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".