Bonded FRP Plates for Strengthening Rectangular Hollow Steel Section T-Joints against Web Buckling Induced by Transverse Compression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper addresses the strengthening of T-joints of rectangular hollow steel section (HSS) chords against web buckling induced by transverse compression loading of welded brace members. Twelve T-joints of 1,200 mm long, 203×76×3.09 (or 5.92) mm HSS chords, welded to 400 mm long, 76×76×8.9 mm, HSS braces were tested under brace axial compression. Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) plates, 9.4 mm thick, of different configurations, with and without edge tapering, and 2 mm thick high-modulus carbon-FRP plates of equivalent stiffness, were adhesively bonded to the webs of the chord near the brace. Strength gain increases significantly, from 9–38%, as the web height-to-thickness (h/t) ratio of the HSS chord increases from 34 to 65. In thin-walled HSS (h/t=65), retrofitting provided significant gains in strength but not in ductility. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) plates delayed and shifted local buckling away from brace location but did not prevent it. Square-edged and tapered plates behaved similarly. Plates as small as half the chord depth and of width equal to the brace provided a 35% strength gain. Very wide plates, 0.4 of the span, provided a 53% gain. In thick-walled HSS (h/t=34), retrofitting provided little strength gain but enhanced ductility, especially with properly bonded plates extending on the brace. Generally, plates fractured under local bending or delaminated within plate layers while the bond was fully intact.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".